一段经典

曼昆上周五在网志上对当选总统奥巴马开了一炮。老曼并引用了米尔顿-弗里德曼(港译佛利民)在《资本主义与自由》一书中绪论的一段,我个人认为非常震撼。

起源是奥巴马的官方网站上说他将推动一项政策,要求中学生和大学生每年分别完成50小时和100小时的社区工作,该政策还将鼓励退休美国人参与简单的社区工作,贡献社会。曼昆的风格,不像克鲁格曼尖锐激情。曼昆只是说这个不对头,接着引了弗里德曼那一段经典的议论。而那段议论本身,非常值得仔细阅读体味。曼昆那篇文章发出后,几个小时以后,奥巴马的官站就软化了说法,把“要求”改成了“作为一个目标”。老曼当然就很得意地补充:“我很高兴自己对政策制定有这么大的影响力。”

我现在把英文原文和商务版刘瑞玉前辈的译文都放在下面。我在这个网志以前的帖子中介绍过,有哈佛的学生问曼昆如果有且仅有读一本书的时间,曼教授会推荐哪一本?曼昆当时给出的答案即是弗里德曼的这本《资本主义与自由》,可见曼昆本人受这本书影响巨大。弗里德曼是芝大学派的一员,拿过诺贝尔奖,曾被《经济学人》20世纪下半叶最重要的经济学家,崇尚自由市场经济,一度认为应该取消美联储减少干预市场。他在这本书里谈及的东西,很多已经超出经济学的范畴,有点哲学化了。我前不久也曾读这本书,因为嫌英文原文晦涩艰深,读起来很慢,所以图方便用了商务版的刘瑞玉译本。实事求是的说,该译本已经算不错,但有些经典巨著,无论如何翻译,也无法得其神髓,曼昆引用的这一段就是成例。因此,英文可以对付的人,可以仔细看原文,对付不了的,只有看译文了。

In a much quoted passage in his inaugural address, President Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country.” It is a striking sign of the temper of our times that the controversy about this passage centered on its origin and not on its content. Neither half of the statement expresses a relation between the citizen and his government that is worthy of the ideals of free men in a free society. The paternalistic “what your country can do for you” implies that government is the patron, the citizen the ward, a view that is at odds with the free man’s belief in his own responsibility for his own destiny. The organismic, “what you can do for your country” implies that government is the master or the deity, the citizen, the servant or the votary. To the free man, the country is the collection of individuals who compose it, not something over and above them. He is proud of a common heritage and loyal to common traditions. But he regards government as a means, an instrumentality, neither a grantor of favors and gifts, nor a master or god to be blindly worshipped and served. He recognizes no national goal except as it is the consensus of the goals that the citizens severally serve. He recognizes no national purpose except as it is the consensus of the purposes for which the citizens severally strive.

The free man will ask neither what his country can do for him nor what he can do for his country. He will ask rather “What can I and my compatriots do through government” to help us discharge our individual responsibilities, to achieve our several goals and purposes, and above all, to protect our freedom? And he will accompany this question with another: How can we keep the government we create from becoming a Frankenstein that will destroy the very freedom we establish it to protect?

译文: 在肯尼迪总统就职演说中被引用得很多的一句话是“不要问你的国家能为你做些什么——而问你能为你的国家做些什么”。关于这句话的论争集中于它的起源而不是它的内容是我们时代的精神的一个显著的特征。这句话在整个句子中的两个部分中没有一个能正确地表示合乎自由社会中的自由人的理想的公民和它政府之间的关系。家长主义的“你的国家能为你做些什么”意味着政府是保护者而公民是被保护者。这个观点和自由人对他自己的命运负责的信念不相一致。带有组织性的,“你能为你的国家做些什么”意味着政府是主人或神,而公民则为仆人或信徒。对自由人而言,国家是组成它的个人的集体,而不是超越在他们之上的东西。他对共同继承下来的事物感到自豪并且对共同的传统表示忠顺。但他把政府看作为一个手段,一个工具,既不是一个赐惠和送礼的人,也不是盲目崇拜和为之服役的主人或神灵。除了公民们各自为之服务的意见一致的目标以外,他不承认国家的任何目标;除了公民们各自为之奋斗的意见一致的理想以外,他不承认国家的任何理想。

  自由人既不会问他的国家能为他做些什么,也不会问他能为他的国家做些什么。他会问的是:“我和我的同胞们能通过政府做些什么”,以便尽到我们个人的责任,以便达到我们各自的目标和理想,其中最重要的是:保护我们的自由。伴随这个问题他会提出另一个问题;我们怎么能使我们建立的政府不至成为一个会毁灭我们为之而建立的保护真正自由的无法控制的怪物呢?

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